Kinds Of Natural Phenomena

Introduction

Natural disasters affect thousands of people every year. Bad events like this have the potential to cause enormous physical death and destruction. Natural disasters are often unpredictable and can make entire communities suffer.
People who have been involved in a disaster can experience emotional distress. Feelings of anxiety, constant worry, difficulty sleeping, and other depression-like symptoms are common responses to disasters before, during, and after an event.
Many people can bounce back from disaster with help from family and community, but others may need additional support to cope and move forward on the path of recovery.
A natural disaster is a large-scale geological or meteorological event that has the potential to cause the loss of life or property.
Indonesia is located at the meeting point of the three world's plates, namely the Eurasian plate, the Pacific plate, and the Australian plate, which are moving against each other. This has resulted in Indonesia often experiencing natural disasters such as landslides, tsunamis, earthquakes, and volcanoes.
The following are the types of natural disasters and their definitions, causes, and mitigation measures:

Landslide

The first types of natural disasters are landslides. Landslides are the displacement of slope-forming material in the form of rock, scrap material, soil, or mixed material, which then moves down or out of the slope so as to pile up buildings or whatever is underneath. The causes of landslides are quite diverse.
Some of the causes of natural disasters include high rainfall, soil erosion, vibrations, steep cliff slopes, shrinkage dams, sedentary soil, agriculture on the slopes of mountains, and piles of garbage.
Following are the mitigation steps for preventing landslides:

• Avoid building houses or settlements and public facilities under or near cliffs
• Make swales or terraces on steep slopes if you want to establish agricultural and residential areas
• Avoid building ponds or plantations on slopes close to residential areas If any cracks appear in the ground, immediately cover the cracks with soil which is then compacted so that rainwater cannot penetrate the gaps in the soil
• Avoid cutting cliffs so that they become perpendicular
• Do not cut trees near the slopes, the trees provide soil support and water infiltration
• Avoid establishing settlements on the banks of the river, this is because they are prone to erosion. So look for other, safer areas to build a house
• Create a water drainage channel (SPA) that can automatically become a groundwater storage channel (SPAT). When there is high intensity rainfall, the channel becomes SPA, but when the rain intensity is low it can turn into SPAT
• Plant perennials and light plants that have deep roots in steep areas Developing a landslide-friendly agricultural business, for example, namely growing livestock feed by means of pruning crops
• Conduct socialization with the reach of all residents living on the slopes so that they can carry out a proper and precise evacuation when a landslide occurs.

Tsunami

Tsunamis are large ocean waves caused by sudden movements on the ocean floor. This sudden movement can be an earthquake, a strong volcanic eruption, or an underwater landslide.
A large meteorite impact can also cause a tsunami. The tsunami travels across the open ocean at high speed and forms large, deadly waves in the shallow waters of the shoreline.
If you live near the sea and have a large tsunami potential, it is necessary to prepare pre-disaster preparation or mitigation for a sudden tsunami, here's how:

1. Prepare a plan for self-rescue if an earthquake occurs.
2. Doing exercises that can be useful in dealing with debris during an earthquake, such as ducking, head protection, holding onto or hiding under tables.
3. Prepare fire extinguishers, standard safety equipment, and medical supplies.
4. Building construction houses that are resistant to earthquake shocks with a strong foundation. In addition, you can renovate parts of the building that are already vulnerable.

Earthquake

The third type of natural disaster is the earth shepherd.
An earthquake is an event of shaking or shaking the surface of the earth due to collisions between the earth's plates, activity of faults (faults), volcanic eruptions, or rock ruins

Steps during an earthquake that can be done:

Because earthquakes can happen at any time, even when you are anywhere. The following are things you can do while in a building, such as a house, school or multi-storey building:

• Earthquake shaking will be felt for a while. During this time, try to protect yourself by taking cover under a table to avoid objects that might fall and stay away from glass windows. Protect your head with a pillow or helmet, and you can also stand under the door. When it feels safe, immediately run out of the house.
• If you are cooking, immediately turn off the stove and unplug and turn off all powered appliances to prevent fires.
• When leaving the house, pay attention to the possibility of broken glass, tile, or other materials. Keep your head covered and immediately go to the open field, stay away from poles, trees, or power sources or buildings that might collapse and hit you.
• Do not use the elevator if you feel it is shaking. Use the emergency stairs for evacuation outside the building. When in the elevator, press all buttons or use the interphone to call the building manager.
• Identify the part of the building that has a strong structure, such as the corner of the building.
• If you are in a building with security personnel, follow the evacuation instructions.

If you were in the car during an earthquake, here are the steps you need to do:

1. During a big earthquake, you will most likely lose control of your car.
2. Stay away from the intersection, and immediately pull your car to the left of the shoulder of the road and stop.
3. Follow the instructions of the authorized personnel by paying attention to the surrounding environment or through other means of communication such as radio or devices.

If you hear a tsunami early warning after an earthquake, immediately evacuate to high places, such as hills and tall buildings.

Mount Erupting

Mount erupting is an event that occurs as a result of magma deposits in the bowels of the earth which are pushed out by high pressure gas. Magma is an incandescent liquid found in the earth's layer with a very high temperature, which is estimated to be more than 1,000 ° C. Magma fluid that comes out of the earth is called lava. The temperature of the lava released can reach 700-1,200 ° C. Volcanic eruptions carrying rock and ash can blast up to a radius of 18 km or more, while the lava can flood up to a radius of 90 km. Not all volcanoes erupt frequently. Volcanoes that erupt frequently are called active volcanoes.
Here are some pre-disaster steps you can take if you live near a volcano and it has an eruption:

• Observe the direction of the PVMBG and the development of volcanic activity.
• Prepare a mask and protective goggles to deal with volcanic dust.
• Knowing the evacuation routes and shelters that have been prepared by the authorities.

The characteristics of the volcano will erupt:

• A volcano that is about to erupt can be identified through several signs, among others
• The temperature around the mountain rose.
• The springs are dry
• Often makes a rumbling sound, sometimes accompanied by vibrations (earthquakes)
• The plants around the mountain withered
• The animals around the mountain migrated
• Volcanic Eruption Results